Archivo de la etiqueta: Njuu

PATRIMONIO. La memoria que desaparece en silencio


LA NOTA BREVE

Columna de Opinión

Mujeres indígenas con vestimenta tradicional colorida participan en una marcha por la calle.

Madres Wixaritari, de Jalisco. Foto: ESPECIAL

Por Enrique Vázquez Lozano

Adorno ornamental negro con filigrana central y líneas horizontales a ambos lados

Guadalajara, Jalisco
27 de febrero 2026

Adorno ornamental negro con filigrana central y líneas horizontales a ambos lados

Guadalajara, Jalisco
February 27, 2026

A propósito del 21 de febrero, Día Internacional de la Lengua Materna, hay una estadística que debería ocupar las primeras planas con la misma urgencia que el cambio climático o la pérdida de biodiversidad: cada dos semanas desaparece una lengua en el mundo.

This is not a metaphor or an exaggeration. It is a reality documented by UNESCO and supported by linguistic databases such as Ethnologue, which have been recording the state of the world’s languages ​​for decades.

When a language ceases to be spoken, it is not just words that disappear. A way of understanding reality is extinguished. A collective memory built over centuries fades away, and with it, a unique way of naming the universe.

Today, it is estimated that there are between 6,900 and 7,200 living languages ​​in the world. Of that linguistic universe, around 4,000 to 4,500 correspond to indigenous or native languages, while the rest belong to national, regional, or majority languages ​​such as Spanish, English, Arabic, Hindi, or Mandarin Chinese.

It is important to clarify a concept that is often misunderstood. A mother tongue does not constitute a distinct category of language; it is simply the first language a person learns during childhood. Consequently, to speak of mother tongues is to speak of all the living languages ​​of the planet, because each one represents someone’s first voice, the language of home, family, and identity.

However, behind this linguistic richness lies a growing fragility.
UNESCO estimates that more than 40% of the world’s languages ​​are in danger of disappearing. If we take as a reference point a universe of nearly seven thousand living languages, this means that around three thousand languages ​​face varying levels of risk, from vulnerability to imminent extinction.
This is not a minor problem, nor is it exclusive to remote communities. It is a global transformation unfolding before our very eyes.
Human diversity cannot be understood solely through the lens of nation-states. Alongside political borders, thousands of Indigenous peoples exist, preserving their own histories, territories, and linguistic systems. Estimates used by international organizations, including the United Nations and various institutions specializing in ethnolinguistic studies, calculate the existence of between 4,000 and 6,000 Indigenous peoples on the planet, with an average of nearly 5,000 culturally distinct groups.

But language and people do not always mean the same thing.
A people can speak several languages. Different communities can share the same language. Even a single language can have such distinct variants that its speakers can barely understand each other. Linguistic reality has never adhered to rigid classifications; it is a dynamic framework shaped by migrations, cultural exchanges, and historical processes spanning centuries.
What is truly worrying is that this framework is beginning to unravel.

The causes are multiple and stem from structural processes of global scope. Globalization has strengthened the dominance of a few languages ​​used in the economy, science, and technology. For decades, the education systems of many countries privileged a single official language, relegating local languages. Television, the internet, and social media amplify content produced in majority languages, while minority languages ​​find little space for dissemination.
Added to this is migration to cities, where many families abandon their native language to facilitate social or professional integration. Perhaps the most decisive factor is the breakdown of intergenerational transmission: when children stop learning the language of their parents and grandparents, the language enters a process of disappearance that can be completed in just one or two generations.
For a long time, moreover, many Indigenous peoples faced assimilation policies that associated their languages ​​with backwardness or a lack of opportunities. The social stigma accelerated an abandonment that is now extremely difficult to reverse.

Dos hombres indígenas con atuendos tradicionales y lanzas junto a un río rodeado de montañas.
Ornamento decorativo negro con filigrana central y líneas horizontales a ambos lados
Ornamento decorativo negro con filigrana central y líneas horizontales finas

REDUCING A LANGUAGE TO A DICTIONARY WOULD BE A COLOSSAL MISTAKE

Each language contains ecological knowledge accumulated over centuries, unique ways of interpreting nature, kinship systems, oral traditions, historical memory, and concepts that don’t always have equivalents in other languages. Some peoples are able to precisely distinguish dozens of plant species, climatic cycles, or animal behaviors using words that are impossible to translate without losing part of their meaning

Therefore, the disappearance of a language also constitutes a loss for science, history, and environmental knowledge.
Critical cases are multiplying on every continent. Among the languages ​​whose survival faces extreme scenarios are Ainu in Japan; Yuchi in the United States; Eyak in Alaska; Nuuu in South Africa; Chamicuro in Peru; and Kawésqar and Yagán in southern Chile.
Latin America is home to a significant portion of this linguistic crisis. Languages ​​such as Resígaro, Muniche, Aikanã, Ofayé, Xetá, and Sápara have a small number of speakers today and depend on revitalization programs to prevent their disappearance.
Mexico represents one of the continent’s greatest linguistic heritages and, at the same time, one of the places where conservation is most challenging. Languages ​​such as Ayapaneco, Kiliwa, Paipai, some variants of Otomi, Chinantec, Zoque, Oaxacan Chontal, and Tepehua are among those that require urgent action to guarantee their continuity.
The paradox is unavoidable. Never before has humanity had so many tools to communicate, and yet the process of linguistic homogenization has never been so rapid.
The true heritage of a language lies not only in its grammar but also in the human experience it safeguards. In every language survive songs, rituals, agricultural techniques, traditional medicine, foundational stories, ways of living together, and distinct ways of answering essential questions: who are we, where do we come from, and how do we understand our place in the world?

The disappearance of a language doesn’t just impoverish the community that spoke it. It impoverishes us all. It reduces the repertoire of ideas with which humanity interprets reality and limits the extraordinary human capacity to imagine the world from different perspectives.
UNESCO insists that protecting languages ​​means protecting the intangible cultural heritage of humanity. It’s not about preserving museum pieces, but about ensuring that millions of people can continue to pass on to their children the language in which they learned to name life.

In a time dominated by speed, technology, and cultural uniformity, perhaps the greatest form of resistance remains the oldest: speaking the language of our ancestors. Because as long as a language lives on, so too will a unique and irreplaceable way of understanding the world.

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